fix(core): Use safeDateNow calls for new Date() reads

[chargome]

Several spots in core read the ambient clock directly via a bare new Date(). In Next.js Cache Components this throws a next-prerender-current-time violation, breaking captureException/captureMessage in dev and at runtime during ISR/on-demand revalidation.

closes #21333

[github-actions]

size-limit report 📦

Path	Size	% Change	Change
@sentry/browser	27.21 kB	+0.01%	+2 B 🔺
@sentry/browser - with treeshaking flags	25.65 kB	+0.01%	+2 B 🔺
@sentry/browser (incl. Tracing)	45.51 kB	+0.01%	+4 B 🔺
@sentry/browser (incl. Tracing + Span Streaming)	47.73 kB	+0.02%	+5 B 🔺
@sentry/browser (incl. Tracing, Profiling)	50.29 kB	+0.01%	+3 B 🔺
@sentry/browser (incl. Tracing, Replay)	84.71 kB	+0.01%	+4 B 🔺
@sentry/browser (incl. Tracing, Replay) - with treeshaking flags	74.34 kB	+0.02%	+10 B 🔺
@sentry/browser (incl. Tracing, Replay with Canvas)	89.41 kB	+0.01%	+4 B 🔺
@sentry/browser (incl. Tracing, Replay, Feedback)	102.11 kB	+0.01%	+5 B 🔺
@sentry/browser (incl. Feedback)	44.37 kB	+0.01%	+2 B 🔺
@sentry/browser (incl. sendFeedback)	32.02 kB	+0.01%	+3 B 🔺
@sentry/browser (incl. FeedbackAsync)	37.11 kB	+0.01%	+2 B 🔺
@sentry/browser (incl. Metrics)	28.28 kB	+0.02%	+3 B 🔺
@sentry/browser (incl. Logs)	28.52 kB	+0.02%	+3 B 🔺
@sentry/browser (incl. Metrics & Logs)	29.22 kB	+0.02%	+4 B 🔺
@sentry/react	29.02 kB	+0.01%	+1 B 🔺
@sentry/react (incl. Tracing)	47.78 kB	+0.01%	+3 B 🔺
@sentry/vue	32.23 kB	+0.02%	+4 B 🔺
@sentry/vue (incl. Tracing)	47.4 kB	+0.01%	+3 B 🔺
@sentry/svelte	27.23 kB	+0.01%	+2 B 🔺
CDN Bundle	29.58 kB	-	-
CDN Bundle (incl. Tracing)	47.96 kB	+0.01%	+4 B 🔺
CDN Bundle (incl. Logs, Metrics)	31.09 kB	+0.01%	+2 B 🔺
CDN Bundle (incl. Tracing, Logs, Metrics)	49.2 kB	+0.02%	+6 B 🔺
CDN Bundle (incl. Replay, Logs, Metrics)	70.37 kB	+0.01%	+3 B 🔺
CDN Bundle (incl. Tracing, Replay)	85.34 kB	+0.01%	+3 B 🔺
CDN Bundle (incl. Tracing, Replay, Logs, Metrics)	86.51 kB	+0.01%	+2 B 🔺
CDN Bundle (incl. Tracing, Replay, Feedback)	91.16 kB	+0.01%	+3 B 🔺
CDN Bundle (incl. Tracing, Replay, Feedback, Logs, Metrics)	92.34 kB	+0.01%	+3 B 🔺
CDN Bundle - uncompressed	87.7 kB	+0.01%	+6 B 🔺
CDN Bundle (incl. Tracing) - uncompressed	144.91 kB	+0.01%	+12 B 🔺
CDN Bundle (incl. Logs, Metrics) - uncompressed	92.19 kB	+0.01%	+6 B 🔺
CDN Bundle (incl. Tracing, Logs, Metrics) - uncompressed	148.67 kB	+0.01%	+12 B 🔺
CDN Bundle (incl. Replay, Logs, Metrics) - uncompressed	217.01 kB	+0.01%	+6 B 🔺
CDN Bundle (incl. Tracing, Replay) - uncompressed	263.78 kB	+0.01%	+12 B 🔺
CDN Bundle (incl. Tracing, Replay, Logs, Metrics) - uncompressed	267.52 kB	+0.01%	+12 B 🔺
CDN Bundle (incl. Tracing, Replay, Feedback) - uncompressed	277.48 kB	+0.01%	+12 B 🔺
CDN Bundle (incl. Tracing, Replay, Feedback, Logs, Metrics) - uncompressed	281.21 kB	+0.01%	+12 B 🔺
@sentry/nextjs (client)	50.26 kB	+0.01%	+3 B 🔺
@sentry/sveltekit (client)	45.93 kB	+0.01%	+3 B 🔺
@sentry/core/server	75.95 kB	+0.02%	+9 B 🔺
@sentry/core/browser	63.1 kB	+0.02%	+7 B 🔺
@sentry/node-core	61.7 kB	+0.01%	+2 B 🔺
@sentry/node	130.41 kB	+0.01%	+7 B 🔺
@sentry/node - without tracing	74.08 kB	+0.01%	+3 B 🔺
@sentry/aws-serverless	86.27 kB	+0.01%	+6 B 🔺
@sentry/cloudflare (withSentry) - minified	173.61 kB	+0.02%	+20 B 🔺
@sentry/cloudflare (withSentry)	433.71 kB	-0.01%	-25 B 🔽

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[chargome]

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